Optimization of forensic identification through 3-dimensional imaging analysis of labial tooth surface using open-source software.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the minimum number of teeth in the anterior dental arch that would yield accurate results for individual identification in forensic contexts. Materials and Methods: The study involved the analysis of 28 sets of 3-dimensional (3D) point cloud data, focused on the labial surface of the anterior teeth. These datasets were superimposed within each group in both genuine and imposter pairs. Group A incorporated data from the right to the left central incisor, group B from the right to the left lateral incisor, and group C from the right to the left canine. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, including the evaluation of root mean square error (RMSE) values and the distances resulting from the superimposition of dental arch segments. All analyses were conducted using CloudCompare version 2.12.4 (Telecom ParisTech and R&D, Kyiv, Ukraine). Results: The distances between genuine pairs in groups A, B, and C displayed an average range of 0.153 to 0.184 mm. In contrast, distances for imposter pairs ranged from 0.338 to 0.522 mm. RMSE values for genuine pairs showed an average range of 0.166 to 0.177, whereas those for imposter pairs ranged from 0.424 to 0.638. A statistically significant difference was observed between the distances of genuine and imposter pairs (P<0.05). Conclusion: The exceptional performance observed for the labial surfaces of anterior teeth underscores their potential as a dependable criterion for accurate 3D dental identification. This was achieved by assessing a minimum of 4 teeth.

Age estimation by volumetric analysis of teeth using cone beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of using the pulp volume (Pv) to total volume (Tv) ratio (Pv:Tv), obtained from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of single-rooted teeth, for age estimation in a Brazilian population sample. METHODS: After obtaining approval from the ethics committee, the study commenced by applying inclusion criteria to screen CBCT scans, resulting in a probability-based sample of participants aged 18 years and older (ranging from 18 to 82 years, with a mean age of 46.44 years). A total of 517 single-rooted teeth, including maxillary central incisors (CI), mandibular canines (C), and mandibular first premolars (FP), were chosen based on excellent agreement values (> 0.9). Pv and Tv measurements were conducted using semi-automatic segmentation with ITK-SNAP 3.8 software. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi software, with a significance level set at 5% (α = 0.05). RESULTS: A strong negative correlation (r > -0.7) was observed between chronological age and the Pv:Tv ratio across all examined teeth. However, when conducting regression analysis with Pv:Tv data and chronological age as the independent variable, only the mandibular FP teeth exhibited a normal distribution. The resulting linear model demonstrated moderate predictive value (approximately 64%) in explaining the variance in chronological age, but caution should be exercised when interpreting these findings. CONCLUSIONS: The method of measuring individual tooth volume using CBCT to estimate chronological age via Pv:Tv has been demonstrated as effective and reproducible within the Brazilian population sample.

Age Estimation in Brazilian Adults Using the Pulp/Tooth Ratio of the Maxillary Canine and Mandibular Second Premolar.

(1) Background/Objectives: Accurate determination of chronological age is crucial in legal dental identification. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different formulas in estimating the age of a Brazilian subpopulation by analyzing the pulp/tooth ratio of the maxillary canine and mandibular second premolar in panoramic and periapical radiographs. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of panoramic and periapical radiographs of 247 individuals. The file of each radiograph was opened in the Adobe Photoshop CS4® program to outline and obtain values in pixels for calculating the pulp/tooth ratio. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS program, with a significance level set at 5%. (3) Results: The interclass correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent intra-observer agreement (0.990-0.999). The determination coefficients (R2) suggested that only 30-35% of the actual age results could be explained by the pulp/tooth ratio. The smallest differences were observed with Cameriere's formula for the mandibular second premolar on panoramic radiographs (+4.1 years). The greatest differences were found with the formulas for the mandibular second premolar in panoramic radiographs of the Korean (+12.5 years) and Portuguese (-12.1 years) populations. (4) Conclusions: The equations employed showed little agreement between the actual age and the estimated age.

Facial soft-tissue thickness in children: A study of a CTBC Brazilian sample.

As an auxiliary method in the process of human identification, forensic facial approximation (FFA) is an important tool for identifying unknown human bodies whose remains do not present the necessary traceability to any antemortem data collection. Specific characteristics are necessary when addressing children aged between 6 and 10 years, who have little sexual differentiation and a mixed dentition. Due to the chronology of eruption of the permanent second molars in this population, it is not possible to measure facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) from specific landmarks such as supra and infra M2. The objective of this research was to report the method for measuring the average FSTT of 32 landmarks adapting the method for adults replacing the landmarks at the upper and lower second molars (Supra M2 and Infra M2) in children up to 10 years of age for a measurement using the deciduous second molars as reference. We found statistical differences for some points, considering the variables of age and sex, but with a maximum difference of 2 mm, which allows the use of a single FSTT table. The deciduous teeth can replace the reference of the thicknesses at the supra and infra M2 landmarks. In addition to the new FSTT data for children in Brazil, we concluded that the proposed adaptation to the deciduous M2 points can be applied to obtain soft-tissue data for 32 facial points.

Radiographic morphology of canines tested for sexual dimorphism via convolutional-neural-network-based artificial intelligence.

The permanent left mandibular canines have been used for sexual dimorphism when human identification is necessary. Controversy remains whether the morphology of these teeth is actually useful to distinguish males and females. This study aimed to assess the sexual dimorphism of canines by means of a pioneering artificial intelligence approach to this end. A sample of 13,046 teeth radiographically registered from 5838 males and 7208 females between the ages of 6 and 22.99 years was collected. The images were annotated using Darwin V7 software. DenseNet121 was used and tested based on binary answers regarding the sex (male or female) of the individuals for 17 age categories of one year each (i.e. 6-6.99, 7.7.99… 22.22.99). Accuracy rates, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and confusion matrices were used to quantify and express the artificial intelligence's classification performance. The accuracy rates across age categories were between 57-76% (mean: 68%±5%). The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC analysis was between 0.58 and 0.77. The best performances were observed around the age of 12 years, while the worst were around the age of 7 years. The morphological analysis of canines for sex estimation should be restricted and allowed in practice only when other sources of dimorphic anatomic features are not available.

The Role of an Endodontist in Victim Identification: A Narrative Review on Forensic Endodontics.

This narrative review highlights the role of endodontists and the significance of various dental tools in forensic dentistry. An online search was conducted in peer-reviewed journals, including MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, to retrieve studies regarding "the role of an endodontist in victim identification using different tools". The searches used controlled vocabulary and free-text terms. Articles written in English and published from 1923 to 2023 were selected. An essential stage in forensic dentistry is dental identification of the dead person and is regarded as an initial step for both judicial and humanitarian purposes if fingerprint records are missing or the remains have undergone significant changes. Endodontists should be aware of all available dental tools that aid in identification. The four fundamental tools for identification are dental radiographs, hard and soft dental structures, and dental materials. Dental radiographs provide a substantial nondestructive record for estimating age and sex. Moreover, maxillofacial hard and soft structures provide important tools for individual identification as they are considered the strongest structures in the human body and can withstand severe chemical and temperature changes. In addition, endodontic and restorative materials can be identified under different conditions and serve as excellent forensic identification measures.

On the forensic relevance of tattoos: distinguishing black inks with energy dispersive spectroscopy and backscattered scanning electron microscopy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze black tattoo inks by means of energy dispersive spectroscopy and backscattered scanning electron microscopy. METHODS: The sample consisted of five types of commercial tattoo pigments of the black colour (Easy Glow™, Electric Ink™, Iron Works™, Master Ink™, and Viper™). An Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) detector (Silicon Drift Detector - SDD - type) attached to a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) device (Tescan Vega3 LMU, Libusina, Czech Republic) was used. X-ray characteristic signs were detected for each tattoo ink in an interval between 0 and 2.5 keV. The electron acceleration potential in the microscope was 15 keV. Two regions were analyzed for each sample (n = 10). On each region, a micrography of backscattered electrons (BSE) was obtained. Means and standard deviations (SD) of the weight percentages (Wt%) were calculated. RESULTS: C and O were predominant, with a mean O/C ratio between 2.69 and 2.74 Wt%. Electric Ink and Master Ink were the most similar pigments, while Easy Glow was the most distinctive - with agglomerates of Al that had a concentration 25 × higher than other specimens. Other compounds detected in the sample were Cl and Cu. CONCLUSION: EDS and SEM were efficient to distinguish black tattoo inks. These are our preliminary outcomes on the use of EDS and SEM to analyze black tattoo inks. Thus, careful interpretation is necessary to avoid rash applications in human identification practice.

GADNN: a revolutionary hybrid deep learning neural network for age and sex determination utilizing cone beam computed tomography images of maxillary and frontal sinuses.

INTRODUCTION: The determination of identity factors such as age and sex has gained significance in both criminal and civil cases. Paranasal sinuses like frontal and maxillary sinuses, are resistant to trauma and can aid profiling. We developed a deep learning (DL) model optimized by an evolutionary algorithm (genetic algorithm/GA) to determine sex and age using paranasal sinus parameters based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: Two hundred and forty CBCT images (including 129 females and 111 males, aged 18-52) were included in this study. CBCT images were captured using the Newtom3G device with specific exposure parameters. These images were then analyzed in ITK-SNAP 3.6.0 beta software to extract four paranasal sinus parameters: height, width, length, and volume for both the frontal and maxillary sinuses. A hybrid model, Genetic Algorithm-Deep Neural Network (GADNN), was proposed for feature selection and classification. Traditional statistical methods and machine learning models, including logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP), and deep learning (DL) were evaluated for their performance. The synthetic minority oversampling technique was used to deal with the unbalanced data. RESULTS: GADNN showed superior accuracy in both sex determination (accuracy of 86%) and age determination (accuracy of 68%), outperforming other models. Also, DL and RF were the second and third superior methods in sex determination (accuracy of 78% and 71% respectively) and age determination (accuracy of 92% and 57%). CONCLUSIONS: The study introduces a novel approach combining DL and GA to enhance sex determination and age determination accuracy. The potential of DL in forensic dentistry is highlighted, demonstrating its efficiency in improving accuracy for sex determination and age determination. The study contributes to the burgeoning field of DL in dentistry and forensic sciences.

Palatal Rugoscopy: A Tool for Ethnicity and Gender Identification Among Saudi and Kuwaiti Populations.

Background The establishment of human identity has always been a concern after mass disasters, and the role of odontology in forensics has greatly evolved. Nowadays, palatal rugoscopy is a widely used method in the recognition of human identity due to its uniqueness in the course, direction, length, form, position, and enduring nature against disintegration. Its easy applicability, cost-effectiveness, and prompt results can be applied to festering, scorched bodies and in the absence of missing upper limbs and fingers. This study was undertaken to evaluate palatal rugoscopy as a tool to recognize human identity and gender between two different ethnic populations. Methodology A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to recognize ethnicity and gender among the Saudi and Kuwaiti populations. A total of 364 participants were selected from the outpatient department between September 2022 and December 2022. All 364 participants were distributed into two groups after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. After obtaining informed consent from all study participants, study models were prepared for final interpretation. The outlining of rugae was done with the help of a sharp graphite pencil, and the assessment of various parameters, including total number, length, direction, unification, and shape of rugae, was done. A comparison was made between the two populations. SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was employed to assess variations in the mean values of both the total number and the distribution of rugae on the right and left sides across different ethnic groups and genders. Results In this study, a total of 364 participants were included. Of the total participants, 184 were Saudis and 180 were Kuwaitis, with 188 males and 176 females. A comparative evaluation of rugae among ethnic groups showed that Saudi participants had a mean number of 8.92 ± 0.660 palatal rugae, whereas in Kuwaiti participants it was 8.68 ± 0.649 (p = 0.001). When rugae length was assessed between genders among Saudi participants, it was found that the majority of participants had primary rugae with a length of more than 5 mm, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.002). The majority of Saudi males had forwardly positioned rugae, while the majority of Saudi females had more backwardly placed rugae. When rugae length was assessed in males and females among Kuwaiti participants, it was found that males had more primary rugae than females. This study found that the majority of Kuwaiti males had a wavy shape of rugae, while the majority of Kuwaiti females had more straight rugae. Conclusions This study concluded that among the two ethnic groups, the total number, length, direction, unification, and shape of rugae were different between genders, with significant differences in some parameters. Therefore, palatal rugoscopy might be useful as a tool to recognize gender and ethnicity and may provide better results when used as an additional tool along with other dependable forensic tools.

Binary decisions of artificial intelligence to classify third molar development around the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years.

Third molar development is used for dental age estimation when all the other teeth are fully mature. In most medicolegal facilities, dental age estimation is an operator-dependent procedure. During the examination of unaccompanied and undocumented minors, this procedure may lead to binary decisions around age thresholds of legal interest, namely the ages of 14, 16 and 18 years. This study aimed to test the performance of artificial intelligence to classify individuals below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years using third molar development. The sample consisted of 11,640 panoramic radiographs (9680 used for training and 1960 used for validation) of males (n = 5400) and females (n = 6240) between 6 and 22.9 years. Computer-based image annotation was performed with V7 software (V7labs, London, UK). The region of interest was the mandibular left third molar (T38) outlined with a semi-automated contour. DenseNet121 was the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) of choice and was used with Transfer Learning. After Receiver-operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.87 and 0.86 to classify males and females below and above the age of 14, respectively. For the age threshold of 16, the AUC values were 0.88 (males) and 0.83 (females), while for the age of 18, AUC were 0.94 (males) and 0.83 (females). Specificity rates were always between 0.80 and 0.92. Artificial intelligence was able to classify male and females below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years with high accuracy.

Machine Learning Supported the Modified Gustafson's Criteria for Dental Age Estimation in Southwest China.

Adult age estimation is one of the most challenging problems in forensic science and physical anthropology. In this study, we aimed to develop and evaluate machine learning (ML) methods based on the modified Gustafson's criteria for dental age estimation. In this retrospective study, a total of 851 orthopantomograms were collected from patients aged 15 to 40 years old. The secondary dentin formation (SE), periodontal recession (PE), and attrition (AT) of four mandibular premolars were analyzed according to the modified Gustafson's criteria. Ten ML models were generated and compared for age estimation. The partial least squares regressor outperformed other models in males with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.151 years. The support vector regressor (MAE = 3.806 years) showed good performance in females. The accuracy of ML models is better than the single-tooth model provided in the previous studies (MAE = 4.747 years in males and MAE = 4.957 years in females). The Shapley additive explanations method was used to reveal the importance of the 12 features in ML models and found that AT and PE are the most influential in age estimation. The findings suggest that the modified Gustafson method can be effectively employed for adult age estimation in the southwest Chinese population. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of machine learning models to assist experts in achieving accurate and interpretable age estimation.

Technical note: RP Atlas-an unprecedented proposal for a Brazilian population dental development chart based on the London atlas.

Age estimation methods through developmental atlases are simplified by image comparison using radiographs. Atlas-based methods have been utilized to create population-specific charts addressing population diversity. To tackle the absence of a dedicated atlas for the Brazilian population, the objective of the present study was to create a new atlas for dental development in Brazil based on the London Atlas chart. The new atlas (RP Atlas) is based on the median of tooth development, eruption, and resorption in individuals aged 5 to 23. The sample (567 individuals) was divided between females (n = 290) and males (n = 277). The RP Atlas was handcrafted, scanned, colored, and clustered in two atlases divided by sex. The development of a specific atlas for the Brazilian population has the potential to enhance the accuracy of age estimation in forensic scenarios, notably in a mixed country like Brazil. Further research is needed to assess the suitability of the newly developed atlas for the Brazilian population.

Age estimation in adults by canine teeth: a systematic review of the Cameriere method with meta-analysis on the reliability of the pulp/tooth area ratio.

The age estimation of an adult using methods accessible to the forensic routine is a goal pursued by forensic experts. Cameriere, Ferrante and Cingolani (2004) proposed the use of the pulp/tooth area ratio of canine teeth as a promising variable, but its reliability has shown conflicting results in the scientific literature. This article aimed to carry out a systematic review with meta-analysis to verify whether the pulp/tooth area ratio of canine teeth includes a variable that can be used alone to estimate dental age in adults. A systematic search was carried out in six databases using keywords related to the theme in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. The study selection process followed pre-established eligibility criteria. Assessments were carried out regarding risk of bias and publication bias of selected studies, and meta-analysis was carried out considering Pearson's correlation coefficient between pulp/tooth area ratio and chronological age as effect measure. Most selected studies showed low risk of bias; no publication bias was found when all studies were considered, and potential publication bias was found when outliers were removed. Despite the high heterogeneity among studies and the need for more research, it could be observed that the pulp/tooth area ratio has strong negative correlation with chronological age, and the pulp/tooth area ratio could be derived from both periapical radiographs and orthopantomographs. Therefore, it is suggested that there is scientific evidence that the pulp/tooth area ratio obtained from canine teeth is reliable for dental age estimation in adults.

Applying artificial intelligence to determination of legal age of majority from radiographic data.

Forensic odontologists use biological patterns to estimate chronological age for the judicial system. The age of majority is a legally significant period with a limited set of reliable oral landmarks. Currently, experts rely on the questionable development of third molars to assess whether litigants can be prosecuted as legal adults. Identification of new and novel patterns may illuminate features more dependably indicative of chronological age, which have, until now, remained unseen. Unfortunately, biased perceptions and limited cognitive capacity compromise the ability of researchers to notice new patterns. The present study demonstrates how artificial intelligence can break through identification barriers and generate new estimation modalities. A convolutional neural network was trained with 4003 panoramic-radiographs to sort subjects into 'under-18' and 'over-18' age categories. The resultant architecture identified legal adults with a high predictive accuracy equally balanced between precision, specificity and recall. Moving forward, AI-based methods could improve courtroom efficiency, stand as automated assessment methods and contribute to our understanding of biological ageing.

A case report of forensic personal identification by transposed teeth and dental treatment marks using multidetector row computed tomography.

Using postmortem computed tomography (CT) images, we achieved personal identification of a body using transposed teeth and dental treatment marks. Transposition of teeth is a rare malpositioning anomaly. CT images can clarify the malpositioning of the teeth's roots, which is difficult to discern from gross observation of the dentition. Because dental hygiene has reduced the incidence of caries in recent years, it might be difficult to use treatment marks for personal identification in the future. Transposed teeth, although rare, provide an important clue to personal identification.

Análise dos processos de responsabilidade civil envolvendo o cirurgião-dentista no estado do Piauí, Brasil / Analysis of the lawsuits involving professional liability in Dentistry, in Piauí state, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar e analisar os processos de responsabilidade civil envolvendo cirurgiões-dentistas do estado do Piauí, entre os anos de 2015 a 2019, a fim de verificar o número de processos instaurados e suas características. Foram encontrados (n=11) processos referentes a pessoas físicas, sendo a especialidade mais incidente a Implantodontia. Em 63% dos dados, os requeridos não possuíam especialidade registrada no Conselho Federal de Odontologia na área envolvida no litígio. Os valores indenizatórios solicitados variaram de R$ 15.000,00 a R$ 101.985,00. Não houve acionamento de seguro de responsabilidade civil nos processos encontrados. A maioria dos processos foi instaurada nos últimos dois anos da realização da pesquisa e encontravam-se em trâmite, não permitindo a obtenção das sentenças. Conclui-se que houve um aumento do número de processos instaurados no último ano verificado, acompanhando uma realidade crescente e observada em todo o país

The objective of this study was to analyze the civil liability lawsuits against dentists in the Piauí State, Brazil, from 2015 to 2019, to verify whether there was a significant increase in their number in recent years, and to investigate their main features. Eleven lawsuits were found, and the most incident dental specialty was Implantology. In 63% of the lawsuits, the dentists had not registered their specialist title on the Brazilian Federal Council of Dentistry, in the area involved in the litigation. Restitution amounts ranged from R$ 15,000.00 to R$ 101,985.00. There was no triggering of civil liability insurances in any of the processes found. Most of the lawsuits initiated in the last two years and are still in progress, thus their judicial sentences were not obtainable. We concluded that there was an increase in the number of cases in the last year analyzed, in agreement with the reality observed throughout the country.

Análise de infrações éticas atrelada à publicidade e propaganda em perfis de cirurgiões-dentistas e clínicas odontológicas do estado da Paraíba em uma rede social / Analysis of ethical infractions linked to advertising and advertising in profiles of dentists and dental clinics in the state of Paraíba in a social network

Introdução: Atualmente no Brasil têm-se evidenciado um número elevado de profissionais da Odontologia que utilizam diversas estratégias de marketing para garantir e atrair clientela, como as publicações nas redes sociais, que tem ocasionado um aumento significativo de infrações éticas cometidas por cirurgiões-dentistas. Objetivo: Analisar infrações éticas atreladas à publicidade e propaganda em perfis de cirurgiões-dentistas e clínicas odontológicas do estado da Paraíba na rede social Instagram®. Metodologia: O estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo foi realizado a partir da análise de 572 perfis. Foram avaliadas postagens públicas à luz do Código de Ética Odontológico (CEO) e da Resolução CFO nº 196/2019. Buscaram-se perfis abertos por meio dos termos chaves: "clínica odontológica", "dental", "dentista", "Odontologia" combinados com: "Paraíba", "PB". Resultados: A partir da análise dos itens de investigação verificou-se algum tipo de violação ética ao CEO e/ou Resolução na maioria dos perfis. Os itens com maiores índices de infração estiveram relacionados a postagens com a exibição do termo "diagnóstico x conclusão" sem menção do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e de vídeos e/ou imagens com conteúdo relativo ao transcurso do procedimento. Conclusão: É evidente que a maioria dos perfis analisados no presente estudo infringiu de alguma forma a ética quanto à publicidade e propaganda. Nessa perspectiva, é necessário que haja uma maior orientação e fiscalização por parte do conselho, bem como que os profissionais estejam atentos e façam cumprir os preceitos éticos estabelecidos pelo CEO, zelando assim, pelo bom prestígio da profissão

Introduction: Currently in Brazil, it has been evidenced a high number of dental professionals who use various marketing strategies to ensure and attract customers, such as publications on social networks, which has caused a significant increase in ethical violations committed by dentists. Objective: To analyze ethical violations linked to advertising and propaganda in profiles of dentists and dental clinics in the state of Paraíba in the social network Instagram®. Methodology: The observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from the analysis of 572 profiles. Public posts were evaluated in the light of the Code of Dental Ethics (CEO) and CFO Resolution No. 196/2019. Open profiles were searched using the key terms: "dental clinic", "dental", "dentist", "Dentistry" combined with: "Paraíba", "PB". Results: From the analysis of the research items there was some type of ethical violation of the CEO and/or Resolution in most of the profiles. The items with the highest rates of violation were related to posts with the display of the term "diagnosis x conclusion" without mention of the Informed Consent Form and videos and/or images with content related to the course of the procedure. Conclusion: It is clear that most of the profiles analyzed in this study have somehow infringed ethics regarding advertising and propaganda. In this perspective, it is necessary that there is greater guidance and supervision by the council and those professionals are aware and enforce the ethical precepts established by the CEO, thus ensuring the good prestige of the profession.

A oferta dos conteúdos de Odontologia Legal no ensino superior do estado do Paraná / The provision of Forensic Dentistry content in higher education in the state of Paraná

Com as crescentes ações indenizatórias e infrações cometidas no meio odontológico, para que cirurgiões dentistas exerçam sua profissão de forma segura, a odontologia legal deve ser abordada nas Faculdades de odontologia. O presente estudo analisou os currículos dos cursos de Odontologia das faculdades do estado do Paraná, avaliando se estão adequadas às diretrizes do ensino da Odontologia Legal, propostas pela ABOL e ABENO. Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva de análise documental dos dados coletados de IES do Paraná cadastradas no e-MEC. O levantamento das informações ocorreu no período entre junho e agosto de 2021. Foi feita a análise dos currículos em comparação com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais e com as diretrizes da ABENO e ABOL. Todas as 30 IES que disponibilizam as informações completas para estudo possuem em seu currículo ao menos uma disciplina relacionada ao conteúdo de Odontologia Legal, com carga horária média para Odontologia Legal de 60,1h. Destas, 26 (86,7%) IES ofertam apenas uma disciplina de Odontologia Legal. O Oeste paranaense (69h) e a região metropolitana de Curitiba (68,9h) obtiveram as maiores médias de horas para a disciplina e o Sudoeste paranaense a menor (39,5h). As IES do Estado do Paraná oferecem conteúdo de Odontologia Legal com carga horária abaixo da recomendada pelas diretrizes ABOL/ABENO. A grande maioria das IES oferece apenas uma disciplina que aborda conteúdos de Odontologia Legal.

With the growing claims for damages and infractions committed in the dental field, legal dentistry must be addressed in Dental Schools for dentists to exercise their profession safely. The present study analyzed the curricula of Dentistry courses at colleges in the state of Paraná, assessing whether they are adequate to the teaching guidelines of Forensic Dentistry, proposed by ABOL and ABENO. Descriptive document analysis research was carried out, and data collected from HEIs in Paraná was registered in the e-MEC. The survey of information took place between June and August 2021. The curricula were analyzed in comparison with the National Curriculum Guidelines and with the ABENO and ABOL guidelines. All 30 HEIs that provide complete information for study have in their curriculum at least one discipline related to the content of Forensic Dentistry, with an average workload for Forensic Dentistry of 60.1 hours. Of these, 26 (86.7%) HEIs offer only one course in Forensic Dentistry. West Paraná (69h) and the metropolitan region of Curitiba (68.9h) obtained the highest average hours for the discipline and Southwest Paraná had the lowest (39.5h). HEIs in the State of Paraná offer Forensic Dentistry content with a workload below what the ABOL/ABENO guidelines recommended. The vast majority of HEIs offer only one discipline that addresses Forensic Dentistry content.

Histórico e panorama das mulheres na perícia oficial criminal (odontolegista) no Brasil / History and overview of women as forensic odontologists in the Brazilian criminal system

Forensic Dentistry is a dental specialty, historically marked by many "fathers", but few information about women in this context. The female insertion in the labor market still suffers from historical barriers, and the objective of this research was to identify the participation of the first women as Forensic Odontologists in the Brazilian Criminal Expert Services, and carry out an overview of the current number of professionals in this position and its proportion between the sexes. Data were collected on the first Forensic Odontologist in each state and the currently active professionals through the records from the Scientific Polices, Civil Polices, and Brazilian Transparency Databases for descriptive statistics. The first women as Forensic Odontologists in Brazil were from the states of Paraíba, Maranhão, and Pará (1981, 1982, and 1985, respectively). According to the Brazilian Federal Council of Dentistry, 59.69% of Specialists in Forensic Dentistry are women and in the states where data collection was possible, 57.89% of Official Forensic Odontologists are women. Despite being the majority, it is still necessary to standardize the nomenclature and create new official positions to strengthen the Forensic Odontologist profession, and encourage greater female participation. It is concluded that in 1981 there was the first Forensic Odontologist female in Brazil in the state of Paraíba and that today there is a better balance in the proportion of men and women in this position

A Odontologia Legal é uma especialidade marcada historicamente por muitas figuras "paternas", mas pouco é abordado sobre a participação das mulheres nesse contexto. A inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho ainda sofre barreiras históricas, sendo o objetivo deste trabalho a identificação da participação das primeiras mulheres na Perícia Oficial no Brasil, especificamente na condição de Peritas Odontolegistas, e realizar um panorama da quantidade atual de profissionais no cargo e sua proporção entre os sexos. Foram coletados dados sobre as primeiras mulheres a ocupar o cargo de Perita Oficial Odontolegista de cada estado e as Peritas Odontolegistas ativas atualmente por meio dos registros das Polícias Científicas, Polícias Civis e dados do Portal da Transparência para tabulação e estatística descritiva. Das respostas recebidas, as primeiras Peritas Odontolegistas Oficiais do Brasil foram dos estados da Paraíba, Maranhão e Pará, nos anos de 1981, 1982 e 1985, respectivamente. No cenário atual, de acordo com o Conselho Federal de Odontologia, 59,69% dos Especialistas em Odontologia Legal são mulheres e, nos estados onde foi possível a coleta dos dados, 57,89% dos Peritos Oficiais Odontolegistas são mulheres. Apesar de maioria na Odontologia Legal, ainda é necessário padronizar a nomenclatura e criar novos cargos oficiais no Brasil para fortalecer a profissão de Perito Odontolegista, incentivando uma maior participação feminina. Conclui-se que em 1981 tivemos a primeira Perita Oficial Odontolegista do Brasil, sendo tal fato no estado da Paraíba, e que hoje há um maior equilíbrio na proporção de homens e mulheres nesse cargo

Reliability of measurements taken from panoramic radiographs for automated sex determination / Confiabilidade das medições obtidas em radiografias panorâmicas para determinação automatizada do sexo

Introduction: forensic anthropology currently serves as a potent tool in primary and secondary identification, especially in mass disasters, increasingly common in our society. Objective: Verify the reproducibility of measured measurements. Proposes methods of personal identification. Method: to verify the reliability of the method, 25 radiographs were selected, the intra-class coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altiman statistical technique were calculated. accuracy of the method, was used. R studio and Medcalc were used. Results: The ICC was above 0.90 for all measurements. According to the Bland-Altman analysis, the average differences observed between examiners ranged from 0.017 (m5) to 0.020 (m7). These results highlight the reliability of measurements made by two different examiners performing the same tasks. Conclusion: The variables used in this study have shown satisfactory reproducibility. Thus, the selected and evaluated data can be used as metadata in automating the sex determination process from panoramic radiographs.

Introdução: A antropologia forense atualmente serve como uma ferramenta potente na identificação primária e secundária, especialmente em desastres em massa, cada vez mais comuns em nossa sociedade. Objetivo: Verificar a reprodutibilidade das medidas mensuradas. Propõe métodos de identificação pessoal. Método: para verificar a confiabilidade do método, foram selecionadas 25 radiografias, calculando-se o coeficiente intraclasse (ICC) e a técnica estatística de Bland-Altiman. Para avaliar a precisão do método, foram utilizados o R studio e o Medcalc. Resultados: O ICC foi superior a 0.90 para todas as medições. De acordo com a análise de Bland-Altman, as diferenças médias observadas entre os examinadores variaram de 0.017 (m5) a 0.020 (m7). Esses resultados destacam a confiabilidade das medições feitas por dois examinadores diferentes realizando as mesmas tarefas. Conclusão: As variáveis utilizadas neste estudo mostraram reprodutibilidade satisfatória. Assim, os dados selecionados e avaliados podem ser usados como metadados na automação do processo de determinação do sexo a partir de radiografias panorâmicas